Genesis 1 · Old Testament

In the Beginning

God the Father Creating the World — Karl Ferdinand Sohn, 1851

1In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. 2Now the earth was formless and void, and darkness was over the surface of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the surface of the waters.

Primordial waters in the ancient Near East
The Separation of Light from Darkness — Michelangelo, 1512

3And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light. 4And God saw that the light was good, and He separated the light from the darkness. 5God called the light “day,” and the darkness He called “night.” And there was evening, and there was morning—the first day.

Separating the Waters — William de Brailes, 1250

6And God said, “Let there be an expanse between the waters, to separate the waters from the waters.” 7So God made the expanse and separated the waters beneath it from the waters above. And it was so. 8God called the expanse “sky.” And there was evening, and there was morning—the second day.

The Egyptian separation of sky and earth
Babylonian Splitting the sea
God Creating the Animals of the World — Izaak van Oosten, 1650

9And God said, “Let the waters under the sky be gathered into one place, so that the dry land may appear.” And it was so. 10God called the dry land “earth,” and the gathering of waters He called “seas.” And God saw that it was good. 11Then God said, “Let the earth bring forth vegetation: seed-bearing plants and fruit trees, each bearing fruit with seed according to its kind.” And it was so. 12The earth produced vegetation: seed-bearing plants according to their kinds and trees bearing fruit with seed according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good. 13And there was evening, and there was morning—the third day.

The Creation of the Sun, Moon, and Plants — Michelangelo, 1512

14And God said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to distinguish between the day and the night, and let them be signs to mark the seasons and days and years. 15And let them serve as lights in the expanse of the sky to shine upon the earth.” And it was so. 16God made two great lights: the greater light to rule the day and the lesser light to rule the night. And He made the stars as well. 17God set these lights in the expanse of the sky to shine upon the earth, 18to preside over the day and the night, and to separate the light from the darkness. And God saw that it was good. 19And there was evening, and there was morning—the fourth day.

The Creation of the Animals — Jacopo Tintoretto, 1551–1552

20And God said, “Let the waters teem with living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open expanse of the sky.” 21So God created the great sea creatures and every living thing that moves, with which the waters teemed according to their kinds, and every winged bird after its kind. And God saw that it was good. 22Then God blessed them and said, “Be fruitful and multiply and fill the waters of the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth.” 23And there was evening, and there was morning—the fifth day.

God Creating the Land Animals — Antonio Tempesta, 1600

24And God said, “Let the earth bring forth living creatures according to their kinds: livestock, land crawlers, and beasts of the earth according to their kinds.” And it was so. 25God made the beasts of the earth according to their kinds, the livestock according to their kinds, and everything that crawls upon the earth according to its kind. And God saw that it was good. 26Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, after Our likeness, to rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, and over all the earth itself and every creature that crawls upon it.” 27So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. 28God blessed them and said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it; rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and every creature that crawls upon the earth.” 29Then God said, “Behold, I have given you every seed-bearing plant on the face of all the earth, and every tree whose fruit contains seed. They will be yours for food. 30And to every beast of the earth and every bird of the air and every creature that crawls upon the earth—everything that has the breath of life in it—I have given every green plant for food.” And it was so. 31And God looked upon all that He had made, and indeed, it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning—the sixth day.

The Waters Before Creation

Nut, the sky goddess, arched over the world — tomb of Ramesses V–VI (KV9)
Nut, the sky goddess, arched over the world · Tomb of Ramesses V–VI (KV9), Valley of the Kings · Photo: Chrisi1964 (CC BY-SA 4.0)

A formless, boundless ocean was the shared starting point of cosmology across the ancient Near East.

In the Babylonian creation epic Enuma Elish, everything begins with two waters: Apsu, the fresh water, and Tiamat, the vast salt ocean, chaos as a goddess and mother of the first gods. 

Egyptian cosmology begins in Nun, the dark, limitless water that existed before creation and still surrounds the ordered world. In the tomb painting above, the sky goddess Nut arches her star-filled body over the earth—the heavens above are pictured as a cosmic ocean

The Egyptian Separation of Sky and Earth

Shu separating Nut and Geb — Greenfield Papyrus, c. 950 BCE
Shu (air) holding Nut (sky) above Geb (earth) · Greenfield Papyrus, c. 950 BCE · British Museum · public domain

Egyptian cosmology imagined creation as a separation: the air god Shu kneels between Nut, the star-covered sky arched overhead, and Geb, the reclining earth, holding the two apart. 

Splitting the Sea: Marduk and the Firmament

The Babylonian Map of the World — clay tablet from Sippar, c. 700–500 BCE
The Babylonian Map of the World, from Sippar, c. 700–500 BCE · British Museum · Photo: Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Assyrian relief drawing traditionally identified as Marduk battling Tiamat
Drawing of an Assyrian palace relief traditionally identified as Marduk battling Tiamat · Restored version: TYalaA (CC BY-SA 4.0)

 a Babylonian clay tablet, draws the earth as a flat disc of land with Babylon at its heart, ringed entirely by water.

The band encircling the disc is labeled marratu, the “Bitter River”—the cosmic salt ocean surrounding the known world. 

In Enuma Elish, the sky itself is made from the sea. After defeating Tiamat, Marduk splits her massive corpse in half “like a shellfish”: one half he stretches upward as the firmament, a barrier to hold back the upper celestial waters, and from the other half he forms the earth below.